Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycle Explained!

Preparation of a banana sample for analytical analysis using flame photometer and ICP-OES. How do I need to prepare a banana sample for both equipments?

It depends on who you ask but the general principle is to distil the pulp, filter it, add a reagent to get a standard solution Here is one method I found that should work for both: Step 1 - Wash with deionised water and prepare a sample by crushing in a pestle and mortar Step 2 - sample taken. 5g samples are added to cleaned test tubes and 1ml of concentrated sub-boiling distilled nitric acid is added Step 3 - The mixture is heated to 80ºC overnight. The digest is treated with 1ml of 50% hydrogen peroxide, added dropwise and heated at 100ºC for several hours, repeating the process until sample digests are clear Step 4 - Digest is heated overnight at 80ºC and 1ml HCl is added and the digests are heated for 3-4 hours at 80ºC Step 5 - The digest is filtered using ashless filter paper (Whatman No.41 - have also seen Whatman No.1 used) and diluted to a final volume of 15ml and stored in polyethylene bottles until analysed. Method 2 that i've found: Crush with a pestle and mortar in a 1:8 dilution (i.e 4g of banana, 32g of water). 25mL of HCl was then added to a 25mL aliquot of the diluted banana solution for extraction as well (1:16 dilution). The solution was shaken vigorously for ten minutes. The solution was then filtered and diluted (1:62.5)

Explain this quote "The moment you say no to tyranny, you are beginning the struggle to the long, lonely road to freedom."

Hi Kyla, I’m not sure what subject this is in reference to but as someone who studies a few modules of politics my understanding is this: To say no to tyranny is to turn yourself against not only the tyrannical leader but also the majority who live in fear too, therefore the road in which you embark to reach the goal of freedom will be one travelled by very few and can be perceived as lonely in that regard. Even when societal attitudes and moral beliefs start to change, often not many will be willing to actively go against the tyrannical rule and will be ostracised for doing so until there is an overwhelming cry for change by a nation. History tells us of the long duration of such a process, ie. the Italian partisan resistance movement fighting against Nazi occupation and the tyranny of fascist dictator Mussolini.

Osteoclasts are packed with lysosomes. Describe how both parts the principle of complementarity applies to this structure/function relationship. Describe lysosomes and osteoclasts and their mechanisms of action. Is osteoclastic scribing pathological?

Osteoclast is a type of bone cell that is essential for repair, remodelling and maintenance of the bones. This means these cells need to digest the broken parts of the bones in order to fix them. Lysosome is an organelle in the cells that is very acidic and conta8ns digestive enzymes and its function is to digest the dead cells or parts of the cells which is essential in any cell, especially when the function of that cell is to repair or maintain. Such as in Osteoclasts that need to digest the broken parts of the bone cells in order to repair them. An imbalance in the function of these cells (osteoclastic activity) could cuase diseases.

Osteoclasts are packed with lysosomes. How are both parts the principle of complementarity applies to this structure/function relationship. This requires that you describe lysosomes and osteoclasts and their mechanisms of action. Is osteoclastic bad?

Osteoclasts are responsible for breaking down bone tissue so that the skeleton can be maintained and repaired. Lysosomes are vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes (they break things down), which are released by the osteoclast to break down certain parts of the tissue (the exact mechanism of action is rather complex). So, osteoclasts wouldn't be able to function without lysosomes, as they provide a mechanism for the controlled release of enzymes. Osteoclasts aren't bad- they're essential for the maintenance of the skeleton- sometimes it is useful to break things down!

One human activity that may contribute to climate change

Deforestation - chopping down a significant amount of trees will reduce the amount of carbon dioxide being taken out of the atmosphere (through photosynthesis). This will increase the levels of greenhouse gases and therefore contribute to climate change.

Sodium and chloride would be dangerous to the body in the natural state .explain why sodium chloride is a comparatively inert molecule

ever seen sodium dropped into water? I wouldn't want to be anywhere near that! ❌💥 sodium (Na) belongs to a special group of metals called the alkali metals which are all a 🤬pretty reactive bunch🤬 due to their atomic makeup (a single outer valence electron) . These metals react violently with water to produce a metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas. You know what else has a lot of water in..? YOU! 💧 Us humans are about 70%ish water, so let's not get sodium METAL anywhere near us! Sodium chloride (NaCl) , on the other hand, is a stable IONIC compound, a special type of substances that are super stable and dissolve well in water without any crazy reactions! This is because sodium reacts really well with chlorine (Cl) and once they form a molecule together - they don't feel like reacting much more! Chlorine is a perfect match for sodium as it wants an extra electron that sodium has up for grabs. The result? A match made in heaven 💕 Sodium chloride salt. stable, safe (in moderate amounts 🍟) and naturally occuring in the ocean 🌎