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There is significant overlap. 

Resulting trust arise in the absence of an express trust in which, say, an individual contributes towards the purchase price of the property without intending to make a gift. As a result the the legal owner of the property holds a beneficial interest on trust for the contributor in proportion to the amount of that contribution.

Constructive trusts operate in the same way but differ in that shares are calculated using factors beyond simply what is proportionate to the original contribution. 

What is a resulting/applied and constructive trust and their differences?

It certainly ‘challenges’ parliamentary sovereignty as it made primary legislation much more easy to challenge  in Court. Anderson V Secretary of State for the Home Department and A and others v the Secretary of State for the Home Department are probably the two most high profile and controversial declarations of incompatibility levelled against primary legalisation. 

It also provided some indication that fundamental rights are not necessarily protected adequately by Parliament alone. This questions the British constitutional notion of Parliament as an all-knowing and all-powerful body, which underpins the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. 

Arguably the HRA has also allowed an increase in the use of case law in establishing new legislation. Campbell v NGN Ltd arguably introduced a right to privacy which parliament had not legislated. 

However, the mechanisms of the HRA, declarations of incompatibility, to challenge Parliament are weak. Parliament can chose to ignore them. They did in Scott v Scott and Chester v the Secretary of State for Justice. Also, unlike other constitutional instruments elsewhere, the HRA can be repealed at any time by Parliament. 

Furthermore, the HRA has been more effective, and has much stronger mechanisms, against the Executive. Arguably, the Executive had seen a period of dominance before 1998 and the HRA has limited this, thereby strengthening the role of Parliament with this balancing. 

Overall, certainly a challenge, but quite a weak one.

History

Does Human Rights Act 1998 challenge parliamentary sovereignty?

A reduction in aggregate demand or an increase in long run aggregate supply.

If moderate can mean lower prices (this is good) but may indicate a slowing down in the economy and if it continues may lead to deflation.

Economics

Why may disinflation occur? What are its implications on an economy?

Advantages: 

Codified constitutions tend to be more difficult to amend and therefore better protect individual rights. Currently, British constitution allows constitutional amendment by simple majority in Parliament. 

Codified constitutions make rights and powers clearer for citizens and legislators. The British constitution is complex and not designed we now have many layers of government on a national and devolved level and dependence on conventions. This can lead to instability and confusion - see the Brexit process. 

Disadvantages: 

The British constitution allows for flexibility. It can be amended easily to reflect changing social values or to deal with crises such as civil disorder or war. Historically, Britain has also enjoyed a comparatively high degree of individual freedoms without a rigid constitution. 

The uncodified constitution is perhaps more democratic. Who would determine an entrenched codified constitution? How would be passed? Our constitution is based on parliamentary sovereignty which ultimately is based on the democratic will of the people as expressed via elections. 

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a UK codified constitution?

Often determinants affect both but broadly speaking here are a few (but by no means all):

Short run:

Wages, energy prices and other input prices 

Long run:

Population growth, technology, labour mobility, infrastructure 





Business

What are the determinants of aggregate supply in the short and long run?

In the short run:

Consumption+Investment+Government Spending+Net Exports 

These are the same in the long run, the difference between the short run and long run only applies to aggregate supply.

What are the determinants of aggregate demand in the short and long run?

R (on the application of Anderson) v Secretary of State for the Home Department - declaration of incompatibility on legislation allowing Home Secretary to impose whole life tariffs 

A v Secretary of State for the Home Department - declaration of incompatibility over anti-terror legislation 

Primary legislation in question was subsequently changed in both cases.

What cases are used in terms of human rights act challenging parliamentary sovereignty?

Income elasticity of demand refers to the responsiveness of a demand for a product to a change in income. 

Sometimes demand for some products rise when incomes fall, these are known as “inferior” goods, generally goods that have more “luxurious” substitutes, eg buses and cars. Discount supermarkets are an inferior good. 

During a recession incomes fall and demand for inferior products therefore rise. Consequently, as income falls demand for supermarkets like Aldi and Lidl rise.

1Using income elasticity of demand explain the reasons for the increase in profits during the recession for businesses like Aldi, Lidl etc.

Overriding interests are those that will bind the purchaser even if they are not registered.

Overreaching is the process by which these interests are made no longer overriding - the payment of completion monies to at least two trustees. 

What is overriding and overreacting?

Depends which issues you are talking about as just ‘registered land’ includes dozens.

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