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The veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart and lungs for reoxygenation. The arteries carry blood and the oxygen riding on the red blood cells around the body, supplying oxygen  and nutrients to the various muscles, tissues and organs. Once these are delivered, the veins deliver the red blood cells back to the heart and lungs  so they can pick up more oxygen and nutrients and continue cycling through the body. Veins have lower blood pressure which is why they are able to cope being closer to the skin surface and cause less blood loss when cut. They are also comprised of valves to allow blood to travel in one direction only. 

Biology

Why are veins important?

It can have both a good and bad connotation. In a positive light, it can refer to a child who is intelligent and aware of what is happening around them. It is more commonly used negatively, however, in regards to children who are overly impressed with their own talents, talk a mot about themselves, interactions between people and lack modesty. Supposedly in America it is more commonly used positively but in UK it tends to be a synonym for smart, but annoying.

English

Does the word "precocious" have a good or a bad connotation?

Gel electrophoresis is a method of separating out what is known as macromolecules. These include DNA, RNA and other proteins. All these different proteins have different sizes. Difficult to know how much detail you need, but in general terms, a solution of proteins is added to a ‘well’ in a gel (often made pf agarose or polyacrylamide). An electric current is applied across the gel and different size proteins move through the gel at different speeds. Smaller molecules move through the gel faster due to their ability to path find through the pores in the gel better. Once the proteins have been separated, the gel can be stained with various chemicals (such as ethidium bromide for DNA) to visualise the proteins. A ‘ladder’ is run a well and through the gel and has bands at known molecule sizes. It essentially acts as a ruler to tell you what size a protein must be to show up in a particular part of the gel. The visualisation is compared to the ladder/scale to identify what proteins are present. So in basic terms - it is a way to separate proteins and identify what they are. 

What is gel electrophoresis?

So you have parenthesis/ brackets (), which were originally called crotchets. [] are originally called square brackets! I can’t find the symbol on my keyboard but similar to <> are called chevrons. Sorry that may not be the answer you are looking for but those are all the different words for brackets I know. 

Is there is another word for parentheses or brackets? For some reason, I think it starts with the letter g.

Symbiosis is when two dIfferent living organisms interact with each other on a biological level in a close and long term environment. They are three main different types of symbiosis. Mutualism is where both organisms benefit (sharks and remora fish - the fish eat parasites off the sharks body and mouth. The shark keeps healthy and the fish get food). Commensalism is where one organism benefits and the other isn’t affected (clownfish live in an anemone where the anemone’s sting protects the clownfish as they are immune to the sting. The anemone is not affected by the clownfish). Finally there is parasitism, which as it sounds, one organism benefits, the other is harmed by the relationship (a tick that lives on a dog or cat benefits from living on the animal, but the animal loses blood - animals do not have to be killed in a parasitic relationship, although it also qualifies).

What does symbiosis mean?

A salutation is a greeting. It is essentially an acknowledgement of someone arriving or leaving although is most commonly used in relation to a greeting such as ‘dear ____’ when writing a letter or greeting someone when they enter a room. It can be as simple as saying ‘hello.’

What is a Salutation?

Essentially if two organisms have overlapping niches, they are brought into competition with each other. Two organisms cannot occupy the same niche - one has to win. So either they evolve to occupy a different niche, or one is outcompeted for the finite resource they both need and the other will become extinct in that are. This concept is covered by the competitive exclusion principle. The more the niches overlap, the more the organisms are brought into competition with each other and the more detrimental it will be to the ‘losing’ organism. 

What will happen if 2 organisms have overlapping niches?

The small intestine is around 6-7m long and 2.5-3cm in diameter. It is so long compared to the large intestine to allow it to absorb nutrients and digest food. In addition to this, it is covered in small finger like protrusions called villi to increase its surface area and this increases the absorption ability of the small intestine. This increased surface area is required to absorb nutrients and digest. The large intestine on the other hand mainly reabsorbs water and compacts food waste. This does not require the same amount of surface area to achieve, hence why it is shorter.

What are dimensions of the small intestine? What are reasons to explain why the small intestine is so long, compared to the large intestine?

There are several organs that function as both an endocrine and exocrine organ. Examples include the liver (endo - secretes hormones such as insulin-like growth factor, exo - secretes bile), the pancreas (endo - secretes hormones such as insulin, exo - secretes enzymes into digestive tract) and the kidneys (endo - secretes hormones such as renin, exo - secretes urine).

What organ functions as both an endocrine and exocrine organ?

A parsec is about 3.36 light years. One light year is the distance light can travel in a vacuum in a year. So a parsec translates to roughly 19 trillion miles.

Rachael Wood

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Rachael Wood